Iron and steel
73.8 Mt imported from 145 countries in 2025. Estimated CBAM exposure at default values: €11.4 bn in 2026, €20.8 bn by 2034. The largest CBAM sector by far. It covers iron ore pellets and pig iron through semi-finished and flat products to tubes, structures, screws and bolts. Only direct emissions count, and the benchmark depends on the production route.
Blast furnace, DRI or scrap: why the steel route sets the price
| Country | EU imports 2025 | Exposure 2026 | per tonne |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 9.1 Mt | €2.47 bn | €272/t |
| Indonesia | 3.2 Mt | €2.02 bn | €638/t |
| India | 4.0 Mt | €1.14 bn | €285/t |
| Türkiye | 7.4 Mt | €1.14 bn | €153/t |
| Russia | 5.2 Mt | €923 m | €178/t |
| Ukraine | 9.2 Mt | €491 m | €54/t |
| Taiwan | 2.4 Mt | €398 m | €167/t |
| South Korea | 3.6 Mt | €377 m | €104/t |
| Vietnam | 2.9 Mt | €326 m | €111/t |
| United Kingdom | 2.3 Mt | €303 m | €130/t |
| Egypt | 913 kt | €261 m | €286/t |
| South Africa | 862 kt | €170 m | €197/t |
| Malaysia | 628 kt | €155 m | €246/t |
| Algeria | 881 kt | €131 m | €149/t |
| United Arab Emirates | 428 kt | €112 m | €263/t |
| Brazil | 4.4 Mt | €110 m | €25/t |
| Kazakhstan | 317 kt | €103 m | €325/t |
| United States | 2.1 Mt | €95.1 m | €46/t |
| Saudi Arabia | 352 kt | €89.7 m | €255/t |
| Japan | 809 kt | €82.2 m | €102/t |
| Australia | 405 kt | €64.3 m | €159/t |
| Tunisia | 233 kt | €60.3 m | €258/t |
| Venezuela | 669 kt | €58.5 m | €87/t |
| Thailand | 243 kt | €52.2 m | €215/t |
| Moldova | 200 kt | €51.7 m | €259/t |
| Libya | 370 kt | €37.7 m | €102/t |
| Oman | 100 kt | €24.5 m | €246/t |
| North Macedonia | 471 kt | €22.2 m | €47/t |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 189 kt | €21.8 m | €115/t |
| Albania | 73 kt | €17.2 m | €237/t |
| Pakistan | 58 kt | €14.7 m | €253/t |
| Mexico | 415 kt | €13.1 m | €32/t |
| Canada | 8.9 Mt | €12.5 m | €1/t |
| Zimbabwe | 66 kt | €9.6 m | €145/t |
| Iran | 101 kt | €7.0 m | €69/t |
| Qatar | 74 kt | €6.8 m | €92/t |
| Morocco | 24 kt | €6.5 m | €269/t |
| Georgia | 19 kt | €4.6 m | €243/t |
| Liberia | 82 kt | €4.5 m | €56/t |
| Colombia | 36 kt | €4.5 m | €124/t |